Certain chemotherapeutics and forms of ionizing radiation can induce immunogenic cell
death (ICD). If there simultaneously exist immune adjuvants within the tumor, such antitumor …

In recent years, nanoscale or microscale functional materials derived from DNA have shown
great potential for immunotherapy as superior delivery carriers. DNA nanostructures with …

Unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides in microbial DNA
sequences activate Toll-like receptor (TLR) 9, and previous studies have shown that …

Background Human milk contains a diverse population of bacteria that likely influences
colonization of the infant gastrointestinal tract. Recent studies, however, have been limited to …

We have developed novel antisense oligonucleotide-formulated microspheres that can
reverse hyperglycemia in newly-onset diabetic mice. Dendritic cells taking up the …

Acute lung injury (ALI) with uncontrolled inflammatory response has high morbidity and
mortality rates in critically ill patients. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are …

Our immune defense depends on two specialized armed forces. The innate force acts as an
alarm mechanism that senses changes in the microenvironment through the recognition of …

Graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) is a major complication after allogeneic bone marrow
transplantation. Different studies have demonstrated that intestinal bacterial breakdown …

Immunoinhibitory oligodeoxynucleotides (INH-ODNs) are promising inhibitors of Toll-like
receptor 9 (TLR9) activation. To efficiently deliver INH-ODNs to TLR9-positive cells, we …

Synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides that can down-regulate cellular elements of the immune
system have been developed and are being widely studied in preclinical models. These …