Recent research on the gut microbiome has revealed the influence of gut microbiota (GM)
on ischemic stroke pathogenesis and treatment outcomes. Alterations in the diversity …

Pulmonary infection is one of the main complications occurring in patients suffering from
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Besides traditional risk factors, dysregulation of …

Bacterial infection and excessive inflammation following abdominal injury can cause life‐
threatening complications that lead to multiple organ failure and death. Removing bacteria …

Sepsis was first described by the ancient Greek physicians over 2000 years ago. The
pathophysiology of the disease, however, is still not fully understood and hence the mortality …

Stroke leads to inflammatory and immune response in the brain and immune organs. The
gut or gastrointestinal tract is a major immune organ equipped with the largest pool of …

In sepsis, macrophage bacterial phagocytosis is impaired, but the mechanism is not well
elucidated. Extracellular cold-inducible RNA-binding protein (eCIRP) is a damage …

When surveying the current literature on COVID-19, the “cytokine storm” is considered to be
pathogenetically involved in its severe outcomes such as acute respiratory distress …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces instant activation of innate immunity in brain tissue,
followed by a systematization of the inflammatory response. The subsequent response …

Pathogen-and damage-associated molecular patterns are sensed by the immune system's
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) upon contact with a microbe or damaged tissue. In …

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a non-specific exaggerated defense
response caused by infectious or non-infectious stressors such as trauma, burn, surgery …