Immune cells regulate a hypertonic microenvironment in the skin; however, the biological
advantage of increased skin Na+ concentrations is unknown. We found that Na+ …

The skin microbiota is a pivotal contributor to the maintenance of skin homeostasis by
protecting it from harmful pathogens and regulating the immune system. An imbalance in the …

Commensal microorganisms (the microbiota) live on all the surface barriers of our body and
are particularly abundant and diverse in the distal gut. The microbiota and its larger host …

During tissue inflammation, immune cells infiltrate the interstitial space of target organs,
where they sense and adapt to local environmental stimuli. Such stimuli include not only …

The incidence of allergic disease continues to rise in industrialized countries. The rapid
increase in the incidence of allergic disease throughout the past half century suggests that …

The progressive building of the infants' gut microbiota is pivotal for educating their immune
system. Human breast milk is among the first sources of microbes for the assembly of the …

The skin serves as the interface between the human body and the environment and interacts
with the microbial community. The skin microbiota consists of microorganisms, such as …

Under steady-state conditions, the immune system is poised to sense and respond to the
microbiota. As such, immunity to the microbiota, including T cell responses, is expected to …

The skin is an essential organ to the human body protecting it from external aggressions and
pathogens. Over the years, the skin was proven to have a crucial immunological role, not …

Cutibacterium acnes (previously known as Propionibacterium acnes) is frequently found on
lipid-rich parts of the human skin. While C. acnes is most known for its role in the …