Approximately 50% of melanomas harbor an activating BRAF mutation. Combined BRAF
and MEK inhibitors such as dabrafenib and trametinib, vemurafenib and cobimetinib, and …

Abstract The PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK pathways are commonly activated by
mutations and chromosomal translocation in vital targets. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling …

Introduction Ipilimumab, a cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 blocking antibody,
has improved overall survival (OS) in metastatic melanoma in phase III trials. However …

Background Acquired resistance to BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) is a near-universal
phenomenon caused by numerous genetic and non-genetic alterations. In this study, we …

Traditional treatment modalities for advanced cancer (radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or
targeted agents) act directly on tumors to inhibit or destroy them. Along with surgery, these …

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BACKGROUND The immunotherapy (IT) agents ipilimumab and interleukin‐2 as well as
BRAF inhibitors (BRAFi) vemurafenib and dabrafenib, with or without trametinib (MEK …

Malignant melanoma is on the rise. There have been recent advances in targeted agents
and immunotherapies that have improved the management and treatment of patients with …

Dabrafenib and trametinib were approved for use as monotherapies in BRAF-mutant
metastatic melanoma by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2013, and most …

Patients with metastatic melanoma had few treatment options until 2011, when two drugs—
ipilimumab and vemurafenib—were approved following advances in the understanding of …