BACKGROUND The integrated stress response (ISR) is an evolutionarily conserved
intracellular signaling network that helps the cell, tissue, and organism to adapt to a variable …

Many attempts have been made to localize the physical trace of a memory, or engram, in the
brain. However, until recently, engrams have remained largely elusive. In this Review, we …

Hippocampal activity is critical for spatial memory. Within a fixed, familiar environment,
hippocampal codes gradually change over timescales of days to weeks—a phenomenon …

Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) exhibit progressive memory loss, depression, and
anxiety, accompanied by impaired adult hippocampal neurogenesis (AHN). Whether AHN …

The modification of synaptic strength produced by long-term potentiation (LTP) is widely
thought to underlie memory storage. Indeed, given that hippocampal pyramidal neurons …

De novo transcription of DNA is a fundamental requirement for the formation of long-term
memory. It is required during both consolidation and reconsolidation, the posttraining and …

For many types of learning, spaced training, which involves repeated long inter-trial
intervals, leads to more robust memory formation than does massed training, which involves …

LTP and LTD, the long-term potentiation and depression of excitatory synaptic transmission,
are widespread phenomena expressed at possibly every excitatory synapse in the …

Changing the strength of connections between neurons is widely assumed to be the
mechanism by which memory traces are encoded and stored in the central nervous system …

Considerable progress has been made over the past 20 years in relating specific circuits of
the brain to emotional functions. Much of this work has involved studies of Pavlovian or …