Venoms are one of the most convergent of animal traits known, and encompass a much
greater taxonomic and functional diversity than is commonly appreciated. This knowledge …

Animal venoms are renowned for their toxicity, biochemical complexity, and as a source of
compounds with potential applications in medicine, agriculture, and industry. Polypeptides …

Venom is a complex trait with substantial inter-and intraspecific variability resulting from
strong selective pressures acting on the expression of many toxic proteins. However …

Venoms are best known for their ability to incapacitate prey. In predatory groups, venom
potency is predicted to reflect ecological and evolutionary drivers relating to diet. While …

Venoms have evolved over a hundred times in animals. Venom toxins are thought to evolve
mostly by recruitment of endogenous proteins with physiological functions. Here we report …

This review examines the current state of knowledge regarding toxins from anthozoans (sea
anemones, coral, zoanthids, corallimorphs, sea pens and tube anemones). We provide an …

Venoms are a complex cocktail of biologically active molecules, including peptides, proteins,
polyamide, and enzymes widely produced by venomous organisms. Through long-term …

Animal venoms are promising sources of novel drug leads, but their translational potential is
hampered by the low success rate of earlier biodiscovery programs, in part reflecting the …

Ribbon worms are active predators that use an eversible proboscis to inject venom into their
prey and defend themselves with toxic epidermal secretions. Previous work on nemertean …

The Heteroptera are a diverse suborder of phytophagous, hematophagous, and
zoophagous insects. The shift to zoophagy can be traced back to the transformation of …