Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by inflammation and destruction of bone and
cartilage in affected joints. Autoimmune responses lead to increased osteoclastic bone …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an incurable systemic autoimmune disease. Disease
progression leads to joint deformity and associated loss of function, which significantly …

Tissue engineering strategies for treating bone loss to date have largely focused on
targeting stem cells or vascularization. Immune cells, including macrophages and T cells …

Osteoimmunology is a new subject which focuses on the communication between the
immune and the skeletal systems. Both the immune system and bone communicate with …

Since the receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), its cognate receptor
activator of nuclear factor-kappa B (RANK), and the decoy receptor osteoprotegerin (OPG) …

Flavonoids are natural phytochemicals that have therapeutic effects and act in the
prevention of several pathologies. These phytochemicals can be found in seeds, grains, tea …

Methotrexate (MTX) is the first line agent for therapy against rheumatoid arthritis (RA);
however, orally its efficacy is hampered by poor solubility, less permeability, short plasma …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an inflammatory immune-mediated disease that can lead to
synovitis, cartilage destruction, and even joint damage. Dexamethasone (DEX) is a …

Osteoimmunology is the interdiscipline that focuses on the relationship between the skeletal
and immune systems. They are interconnected by shared signal pathways and cytokines …

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a chronic autoimmune disease (AD), can cause irreversible loss
of joint function. The methotrexate (MTX) is the first-line choice in the treatment of RA; …