Recent clinical and animal studies have shown that acute kidney injury (AKI), even if
followed by complete recovery of renal function, can eventually result in chronic kidney …

Tissue hypoxia has been proposed as an important factor in the pathophysiology of both
chronic kidney disease (CKD) and acute kidney injury (AKI), initiating and propagating a …

The innate immune system has been implicated in both AKI and CKD. Damaged
mitochondria release danger molecules, such as reactive oxygen species, DNA, and …

Hypertensive nephropathy is characterized by long-term damage to renal tissues by chronic
uncontrolled hypertension, and ultimately leads to the development of renal fibrosis. The …

Despite extensive research, no therapeutic interventions have been shown to prevent AKI,
accelerate recovery of AKI, or reduce progression of AKI to CKD in patients. This failure in …

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is now a leading cause of end‐stage renal disease. In addition,
DN accounts for the increased mortality in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and then patients …

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a glycoprotein produced mainly by the adult kidney in response to
hypoxia and is the crucial regulator of red blood cell production. EPO receptors (EPORs) …

Hypoxia is a common feature of diabetic tissues, which highly correlates to the progression
of diabetes. The formation of hypoxic context is induced by disrupted oxygen homeostasis …

Although spontaneous kidney transplant acceptance/tolerance occurs in mice and
occasionally in humans, mechanisms remain unclear. Herein we test the hypothesis that …

Renal fibrosis is the final manifestation of chronic kidney disease (CKD); its prevention is
vital for controlling CKD progression. Indoxyl sulfate (IS), a typical sulfate-conjugated uremic …