Macrophages are important immune cells in innate immunity, and have remarkable
heterogeneity and polarization. Under pathological conditions, in addition to the resident …

Myocardial fibrosis, the expansion of the cardiac interstitium through deposition of
extracellular matrix proteins, is a common pathophysiologic companion of many different …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) isoforms are upregulated and activated in myocardial
diseases and have an important role in cardiac repair and remodelling, regulating the …

TGF-β is extensively implicated in the pathogenesis of fibrosis. In fibrotic lesions, spatially
restricted generation of bioactive TGF-β from latent stores requires the cooperation of …

The adult mammalian heart contains abundant interstitial and perivascular fibroblasts that
expand following injury and play a reparative role but also contribute to maladaptive fibrotic …

We report that cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) and mesenchymal progenitors are more hypoxic
than other cardiac interstitial populations, express more hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF …

Many chronic diseases are marked by fibrosis, which is defined by an abundance of
activated fibroblasts and excessive deposition of extracellular matrix, resulting in loss of …

The members of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) superfamily are essential
regulators of cell differentiation, phenotype and function, and have been implicated in the …

Systemic transplantation of oxygen− glucose deprivation (OGD)-preconditioned primary
microglia enhances neurological recovery in rodent stroke models, albeit the underlying …

Repair of the infarcted heart requires TGF-β/Smad3 signaling in cardiac myofibroblasts.
However, TGF-β–driven myofibroblast activation needs to be tightly regulated in order to …