Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus are complicated metabolic diseases that affect multiple
organs and are characterized by hyperglycaemia. Currently, stable and effective treatments …

Obesity is a major health crisis affecting over a third of the global population. This
multifactorial disease is regulated via interoceptive neural circuits in the brain, whose …

The state of somatic energy stores in metazoans is communicated to the brain, which
regulates key aspects of behaviour, growth, nutrient partitioning and development. The …

Background The brain was once thought of as an insulin-insensitive organ. We now know
that the insulin receptor is present throughout the brain and serves important functions in …

Central regulation of food intake is a key mechanism contributing to energy homeostasis.
Many neural circuits that are thought to orchestrate feeding behavior overlap with the brain's …

The primary task of white adipose tissue (WAT) is the storage of lipids. However," beige"
adipocytes also exist in WAT. Beige adipocytes burn fat and dissipate the energy as heat …

Bile acids (BAs) are signalling molecules that mediate various cellular responses in both
physiological and pathological processes. Several studies report that BAs can be detected …

Leptin is the most critical hormone in the homeostatic regulation of energy balance among
those so far discovered. Leptin primarily acts on the neurons of the mediobasal part of …

Agouti-related-peptide (AgRP) neurons—interoceptive neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the
hypothalamus (ARC)—are both necessary and sufficient for driving feeding behavior. To …

Leptin is secreted by adipose tissue and regulates energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid
metabolism, immune function, and other systems. The binding of leptin to its specific …