The recent COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on our lives and has rapidly
expanded to reach more than 4 million cases worldwide by May 2020. These cases are …

Imidazoquinoline derivatives (IMDs) and related compounds function as synthetic agonists
of Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) and one is FDA approved for topical antiviral and skin …

Macrophages promote an early host response to infection by releasing pro-inflammatory
cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), TNF, and IL-6. The bioactivity of IL-1β is classically …

Severe COVID-19 is characterized by a “cytokine storm”, the mechanism of which is not yet
understood. I propose that cytokine storms result from synergistic interactions among Toll …

Bacterial-derived RNA and DNA can function as ligands for intracellular receptor activation
and induce downstream signaling to modulate the host response to bacterial infection. The …

Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) are a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders with a
broad clinical spectrum. Identification of molecular and functional bases of these disorders is …

The Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and interleukin-1 receptors (IL-1R) families are of paramount
importance in coordinating the early immune response to pathogens. Signaling via most …

Timely and precise delivery of the endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to the ligand
recognition site is a critical event in mounting an effective antimicrobial immune response …

Background Probiotics positively affect inflammatory responses, in part, through Janus
kinase/signal transduction and activator of transcription (JAK/STAT) and inflammatory …

The polarization of macrophages to the M1 or M2 phenotype has a pivotal role in
inflammatory response following myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Peli1, an E3 …