Acute nociceptive pain is a key defence system that enables the detection of danger signals
that threaten homeostasis and survival. However, chronic pain (such as the neuropathic …

Current analgesics predominately modulate pain transduction and transmission in neurons
and have limited success in controlling disease progression. Accumulating evidence …

Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

Previous studies have shown that activation of p38 mitogen-activating kinase (MAPK) in
spinal microglia participates in the generation of inflammatory and neuropathic pain in …

Glia plays a crucial role in the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis in the central nervous
system. The microglial production of immune factors is believed to play an important role in …

Microglia and peripheral monocytes contribute to hypersensitivity in rodent models of
neuropathic pain. However, the precise respective function of microglia and peripheral …

Hyperalgesia and allodynia are frequent symptoms of disease and may be useful
adaptations to protect vulnerable tissues. Both may, however, also emerge as diseases in …

In a large proportion of individuals nervous system damage may lead to a debilitating
chronic neuropathic pain. Such pain may now be considered a neuro-immune disorder …

During the past two decades, an important focus of pain research has been the study of
chronic pain mechanisms, particularly the processes that lead to the abnormal sensitivity …

Peripheral nerve injury induces long-term pro-inflammatory responses in spinal cord glial
cells that facilitate neuropathic pain, but the identity of endogenous cells that resolve spinal …