Breathing movements in mammals are driven by rhythmic neural activity generated within
spatially and functionally organized brainstem neural circuits comprising the respiratory …

Central chemoreception traditionally refers to a change in ventilation attributable to changes
in CO 2/H+ detected within the brain. Interest in central chemoreception has grown …

Breathing is essential for survival and under precise neural control. The vagus nerve is a
major conduit between lung and brain required for normal respiration. Here, we identify two …

The gene regulatory circuitry through which pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells choose
between self-renewal and differentiation appears vast and has yet to be distilled into an …

Sighs are long, deep breaths expressing sadness, relief or exhaustion. Sighs also occur
spontaneously every few minutes to reinflate alveoli, and sighing increases under hypoxia …

Physiological homeostasis is essential for organism survival. Highly responsive neuronal
networks are involved, but their constituent neurons are just beginning to be resolved. To …

Pulmonary structure and function change significantly between young adulthood and old
age. Elastic elements of the lung degenerate, parenchymal tissue is lost, alveolar ducts and …

Blood gas and tissue pH regulation depend on the ability of the brain to sense CO2 and/or
H+ and alter breathing appropriately, a homeostatic process called central respiratory …

Contiguous brain regions associated with a given behavior are increasingly being divided
into subregions associated with distinct aspects of that behavior. Using recently developed …

We review the substantial recent progress made in understanding the underlying
mechanisms controlling breathing and the applicability of these findings to selected human …