This paper is the 28th consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning
the endogenous opioid system, now spanning over a quarter-century of research. It …

Monoamines are involved in regulating the endogenous pain system and indeed, peripheral
and central monoaminergic dysfunction has been demonstrated in certain types of pain …

Clinically, it is well known that chronic pain induces depression, anxiety, and a reduced
quality of life. There have been many reports on the relationship between pain and emotion …

The present study was designed to investigate the putative effect of vitexin, a flavone C–
glucoside present in some drugs, medicinal plants and nutraceuticals, on the central …

Aims This study was planned to examine the antidepressant potency of gallic acid (30 and
60 mg/kg), a phenolic acid widely distributed in nature, together with its possible underlying …

Purpose The main metabolic pathways of oxycodone, a potent opioid analgetic, are N-
demethylation (CYP3A4) to inactive noroxycodone and O-demethylation (CYP2D6) to active …

Background and objective Although, the anti-depressant like effects of apigenin (APG) are
documented in the literature, the underlying mechanism for exerting such an effect is still not …

Butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) is one of the most commonly used synthetic antioxidants in
food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical and petrochemical products. BHT is considered safe for …

Abstract Rationale Indirect-acting serotonin (5-HT) receptor agonists can enhance the
antinociceptive effects of morphine; however, the specific 5-HT receptor subtype (s) …

There is an association between depression and chronic pain, and some antidepressants
exert antinociceptive effects in humans and laboratory animals. We examined the effects of …