With a rise in the incidence of autoimmune diseases (AiD), health care providers continue to
seek out more efficacious treatment approaches for the AiD patient population. Classic …

Chronic pain is a complex and challenging medical condition that affects millions of people
worldwide. Understanding the underlying mechanisms of chronic pain is a key goal of …

Ketamine is a racemic mixture of equal amounts of R-ketamine and S-ketamine and is well
known to anesthesiologists for its unique dissociative anesthetic properties. The …

The management of pain, particularly chronic pain, is still an area of medical need. In this
context, opioids remain a gold standard for the treatment of pain. However, significant side …

This study aims to explore the regulatory effect of S-ketamine on the mechanical allodynia,
anxiety-like behaviors and microglia activation in adult male rats exposed to an animal …

Recent studies have implicated the endogenous opioid system in the antidepressant actions
of ketamine, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We used a combination of …

Since ketamine was approved by the FDA as an intravenous anesthetic, it has been in
clinical use for more than 50 years. Apart from its anesthetic effects, ketamine is one of the …

Background: There is a clear clinical need for a better understanding of the biological
underpinnings of major depressive disorder (MDD), allowing for the development of a …

Bckground Aripiprazole is an antipsychotic drug used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar
disorder. Recently, its peripheral analgesic component was evaluated, however, the …

The participation of the peripheral opioid and cannabinoid endogenous systems in
modulating muscle pain and inflammation has not been fully explored. Thus, the aim of this …