Modern intensive agricultural practices face numerous challenges that pose major threats to
global food security. In order to address the nutritional requirements of the ever-increasing …

Abscisic acid (ABA) is a stress hormone that accumulates under different abiotic and biotic
stresses. A typical effect of ABA on leaves is to reduce transpirational water loss by closing …

Plant polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are ubiquitous copper metalloenzymes with a
biochemistry that has been known for more than a century. By the 1990s, biologists began to …

The phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) is known to regulate plant immunity against
pathogens. Plants synthesize SA via the isochorismate synthase (ICS) pathway or the …

Salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) often play distinct roles in plant defence against
pathogens. Research from Arabidopsis thaliana has established that SA‐and JA‐mediated …

Rhizospheric plant–microbe interactions have dynamic importance in sustainable
agriculture systems that have a reduced reliance on agrochemicals. Rhizosphere signaling …

The rhizosphere is a complex ecosystem around plant roots that comprises an integrated
network of plant roots, the microbiome and soil. Wide spread communication between …

Increasing demand for safe food by an ever-growing human population emphasizes the
urgency for increasing crop yields and reducing the losses caused by abiotic and biotic …

Ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) grow as saprotrophs in soil and interact with plants, forming
mutualistic associations with roots of many economically and ecologically important forest …

Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins (OPCs), as a class of compounds widely found in plants, are
particularly abundant in grapes and blueberries. It is a polymer comprising many different …