Bufalin is an endogenous cardiotonic steroid, first discovered in toad venom but also found
in the plasma of healthy humans, with anti-tumour activities in different cancer types. The …

The genus Kalanchoe Adans.(Crassulaceae) is native to Madagascar and comprises 145
species, being naturalized in the tropics and cultivated worldwide. In addition to having …

Profound progress has been made in cancer treatment in the past three decades. However,
drug resistance remains prevalent and a critical challenge. Drug resistance can be attributed …

Cantharidin (CTD) is the main active ingredient isolated from Mylabris, and norcantharidin
(NCTD) is a demethylated derivative of CTD, which has similar antitumor activity to CTD and …

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Specially, the high incidence rate
and prevalence of drug resistance have rendered prostate cancer (PCa) a great threat to …

Dried toad skin (TS) and toad venom (TV) are the dried skin of the Bufo bufo gargarizans
Cantor and the Bufo melanostictus Schneider, which remove the internal organs and the …

Bufadienolides are a class of steroids with a distinctive α-pyrone ring at C17, mostly
produced by toads and consisting of over 100 orthologues. They exhibit potent cardiotonic …

Malaria remains to date one of the most devastating parasitic diseases worldwide. The fight
against this disease is rendered more difficult by the emergence and spread of drug …

Bufadienolide, an essential member of the C-24 steroid family, is characterized by an α-
pyrone positioned at C-17. As the predominantly active constituent in traditional Chinese …

Cinobufagin (CBF) is a bufadienolide, which is a major active ingredient of toad venom. In
recent years, CBF has attracted increasing attention due to its highly potent and multiple …