The endothelium exerts multiple actions involving regulation of vascular permeability and
tone, coagulation and fibrinolysis, inflammatory and immunological reactions and cell …

The functional integrity of the endothelium is essential for vascular health. In addition to
maintaining a delicate balance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction, the endothelium …

COVID-19 has emerged as a devastating disease in the last 2 years. Many authors
appointed to the importance of kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) in COVID-19 pathophysiology …

Kinins, bradykinin and kallidin are vasoactive peptides that signal through the bradykinin B1
and B2 receptors (B1R and B2R). B2R is constitutively expressed in healthy tissues and …

Targeting the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) constitutes a major advance in the treatment
of cardiovascular diseases. Evidence indicates that angiotensin-converting enzyme …

In recent years, ACE Inhibitors (ACEIs) and Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (also known
as AT1 receptor antagonists (AT1-RAs), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), or Sartans) …

Chronic urticaria (CU) is a chronic inflammatory mast cell‐driven disorder. Endothelial cells
(ECs) contribute importantly to key features of CU. Several markers of EC (dys) function in …

The general description of kinins refers to these peptides as molecules involved in vascular
tone regulation and inflammation. Nevertheless, in the last years a series of evidences has …

Purpose: An active local renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has recently been found in the
human eye. The aim of the present study was to compare the activities of central RAS …

Hypertension is characterized by an imbalance between the renin–angiotensin system
(RAS) and the kallikrein–kinin system (KKS). Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors …