Mood disorders and substance use disorder (SUD) are of immense medical and social
concern. Although significant progress on neuronal involvement in mood and reward …

Microglia participates in the modulation of pain signaling. The activation of microglia is
suggested to play an important role in affective disorders that are related to a dysfunction of …

Abstract World Drug Report 2023 concluded that 296 million people abused drugs, 39.5
million became addiction and 494,000 died as a direct or indirect result of addiction …

Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of
neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. The triggering receptor …

Rationale Asteoarthritis (OA) is a leading cause of chronic pain in the elderly population and
is often associated with emotional comorbidities such as anxiety and depression. Despite …

Morphine (MPH) is widely used for pain management; however, long-term MPH therapy
results in antinociceptive tolerance and physical dependence, limiting its clinical use …

Chronic pain is a prevalent and persistent ailment that affects individuals worldwide.
Conventional medications employed in the treatment of chronic pain typically demonstrate …

Opioid receptors are widely expressed in the brain, and the opioid system has a key role in
modulating mood, reward processing and stress responsivity. There is mounting evidence …

Background: The inflammatory process represents a specific response of the organism's
immune system. More often, it is related to the rising pain in the affected area. Independently …

Cold injury or frostbite is a common medical condition that causes serious clinical
complications including sensory abnormalities and chronic pain ultimately affecting overall …