Virtually, all tumor cells as well as all immune cells express plasma membrane receptors for
extracellular nucleosides (adenosine) and nucleotides (ATP, ADP, UTP, UDP and sugar …

Commensal microbes and the host immune system have been co‐evolved for mutual
regulation. Microbes regulate the host immune system, in part, by producing metabolites. A …

Inflammatory conditions are associated with the extracellular release of nucleotides,
particularly ATP. In the extracellular compartment, ATP predominantly functions as a …

Background Multicellular organisms have evolved systems/mechanisms to detect various
forms of danger, including attack by microbial pathogens and a variety of pests, as well as …

Background Preclinical studies suggest that P2X3 receptors are expressed by airway vagal
afferent nerves and contribute to the hypersensitisation of sensory neurons. P2X3 receptors …

The CNS is endowed with an elaborated response repertoire termed'neuroinflammation',
which enables it to cope with pathogens, toxins, traumata and degeneration. On the basis of …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder. The
mechanisms underlying ASD are unclear. Astrocyte alterations are noted in ASD patients …

Extracellular nucleotides, mainly ATP, but also ADP, UTP, UDP and UDP-sugars,
adenosine, and adenine base participate in the “purinergic signalling” pathway, an …

In this review we cover recent developments in fluorescent and colorimetric anion sensors.
These systems employ a range of different non-covalent interactions including hydrogen …

ATP, NAD+, and nucleic acids are abundant purines that, in addition to having critical
intracellular functions, have evolved extracellular roles as danger signals released in …