Significance: In all cells, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria are physically
connected to form junctions termed mitochondria-associated membranes (MAMs). This …

Sites of close contact between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) are known
as mitochondria-associated membranes (MAM) or mitochondria-ER contacts (MERCs), and …

Insulin-like growth factor II (IGF-II) is a peptide growth factor that is homologous to both
insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and insulin and plays an important role in embryonic …

The recent discovery of interconnections between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
membrane and those of almost all the cell compartments is providing novel perspectives for …

Homeostasis of multicellular organisms is critically dependent on the correct interpretation of
the plethora of signals which cells are exposed to during their lifespan. Various soluble …

Abstract Insulin and Insulin Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) play a major role in body homeostasis
and glucose regulation. They also have paracrine/autocrine functions in the brain. The …

Recently, the receptor for epidermal growth factor (EGF) was identified as a downstream
element in different signaling pathways. This expanded its classical function as a receptor …

Recruitment to activated tyrosine kinase growth factor receptors of Grb2 and p21ras leads to
downstream activation of the kinases Raf, MAPK/Erk kinase (Mek) and, subsequently …

Rapid progress has been made recently in the definition of growth hormone (GH) receptor
signal transduction pathways. It is now apparent that many cytokines, including GH, share …

Insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) receptors utilize common phosphoinositide 3-
kinase/Akt and Ras/extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling pathways to mediate a …