MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory molecules post-transcriptionally suppressing
mRNA activity. Many miRNAs in various organisms have been cloned but many unknown …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequent arrhythmia managed in clinical practice, and it is
linked to an increased risk of death, stroke, and peripheral embolism. The Global Burden of …

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system plays crucial roles in cardiovascular physiology
and pathophysiology. However, many of the signaling mechanisms have been unclear. The …

The recommendations listed in this document are, whenever possible, evidence based. An
extensive evidence review was conducted, focusing on 2006 through October 2012 and …

The left atrium is considered a biomarker for adverse cardiovascular outcomes, particularly
in patients with left ventricular diastolic dysfunction and atrial fibrillation in whom left atrial …

The Japanese Circulation Society (JCS) published the “Guidelines for Pharmacological
Treatment of Arrhythmia” in 2004, and a revised edition was published in 2009. 1 Both …

The understanding of atrial fibrillation (AF) evolved from a sole rhythm disturbance towards
the complex concept of a cardiomyopathy based on arrhythmia substrates. There is …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an arrhythmia that can occur as the result of numerous different
pathophysiological processes in the atria. Some aspects of the morphological and …

Hypertension and atrial fibrillation (AF) are 2 important public health priorities. Their
prevalence is increasing worldwide, and the 2 conditions often coexist in the same patient …

For new or updated text, view the 2011 Focused Update and the 2011 Focused Update on
Dabigatran. Text supporting unchanged recommendations has not been updated. Atrial …