Heart failure and atrial fibrillation are common and responsible for significant mortality of
patients. Both share the same risk factors like hypertension, ischemic heart disease …

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a potential independent risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF).
It remains unclear whether anemia is synergistically associated with increased risk of AF …

Atrial fibrosis is common in atrial fibrillation (AF). Experimental studies have provided
convincing evidence that fibrotic transformation of atrial myocardium results in deterioration …

Inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is a novel concept for the treatment of
atrial fibrillation that may target the underlying substrate of atrial fibrillation. Further human …

Figure 1 shows an example of how drugs are selected for the treatment of AF according to
the concepts of the Sicilian Gambit. First, the mechanism of AF is considered random …

BACKGROUND: Several studies have indicated that treatment with angiotensin converting
enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) may reduce the …

Myocardial fibrosis increases arrhythmia vulnerability of the diseased heart. The renin-
angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) governs myocardial collagen synthesis. We …

Abnormalities in heart rhythm continue to cause high rates of illness and death. Better
treatment could be provided by solving two main challenges: the early identification of …

BACKGROUND: The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) activator
pioglitazone antagonizes angiotensin II actions and possesses anti-inflammatory and …

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common cardiac arrhythmia that is associated with increased
mortality. Heart failure, hypertension, valvular disease, and obstructive sleep apnea are risk …