Ammonia is diffused and transported across all plasma membranes. This entails that
hyperammonemia leads to an increase in ammonia in all organs and tissues. It is known that …

Hepatic encephalopathy in a hospitalized cirrhotic patient is associated with a high mortality
rate and its presence adds further to the mortality of patients with acute-on-chronic liver …

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Hyperammonemia and inflammation cooperate to induce
neurological alterations in hepatic encephalopathy. Recent studies in animal models …

Background The intestinal epithelium is a barrier that composes one of the most
immunologically active surfaces of the body due to constant exposure to microorganisms as …

Systemic inflammation is common in liver failure and its acquisition is a predictor of hepatic
encephalopathy severity. New studies provide convincing evidence for a role of …

Encephalopathy and brain edema are serious central nervous system complications of liver
failure. Recent studies using molecular probes and antibodies to cell-specific marker …

Glutamate fulfils many vital functions both at a peripheral level and in the central nervous
system (CNS). However, hyperammonemia and hepatic failure induce alterations in …

Ammonia is a neurotoxic compound which is detoxified through liver enzymes from urea
cycle. Several inherited or acquired conditions can elevate ammonia concentrations in …

Astrocytes play an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE) and
ammonia toxicity, whereas little is known about microglia and neuroinflammation under …

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome derived from metabolic
disorders due to various liver failures. Clinically, HE is characterized by hyperammonemia …