Immunotherapy is revolutionizing the management of multiple solid tumors, and early data
have revealed the clinical activity of programmed cell death-1/programmed death ligand-1 …

Answer questions and earn CME/CNE Recent decades have seen an unprecedented rise in
obesity, and the health impact thereof is increasingly evident. In 2014, worldwide, more than …

Background Increasing evdence supports the suggestion that the immune cell infiltration
(ICI) patterns play a pivotal role in tumor progression in breast cancer (BRCA). Nonetheless …

Breast cancer has become the most commonly diagnosed cancer globally. The relapse and
metastasis of breast cancer remain a great challenge despite advances in chemotherapy …

Immunotherapy has become a mainstay of cancer treatment in many malignancies, though
its application in breast cancer remains limited. Of the breast cancer subtypes, triple …

Abstract Oestrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer is a major cause of cancer death
in women. Although aromatase inhibitors suppress the function of ER and reduce the risk of …

The PD-1 pathway, comprising the immune cell co-receptor Programmed Death 1 (PD-1)
and its ligands, PD-L1 (B7-H1) and PD-L2 (B7-DC), mediates local immunosuppression in …

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a special subtype of breast cancer, accounting for
10–20% of breast cancers with high intrinsic heterogeneity. Its unique immune …

Advances in cancer immunotherapy and a growing body of research have focused on the
role of the antitumor response in breast cancer. Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the …

The recent demonstration of modest single-agent activity of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-
L1) and programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) antibodies in patients with breast cancer has …