Contingent upon concentration, reactive oxygen species (ROS) influence cancer evolution
in apparently contradictory ways, either initiating/stimulating tumorigenesis and supporting …

Abstract The RAF-MEK-ERK signaling cascade is a well-characterized MAPK pathway
involved in cell proliferation and survival. The three-layered MAPK signaling cascade is …

Known for nearly a century but through mechanisms that remain elusive, cells retain a
memory of inflammation that equips them to react quickly and broadly to diverse secondary …

Background: Cancer is considered a major cause of death worldwide. The etiology of cancer
is linked to environmental and genetic inheritance causes. Approximately 90 percent of all …

Cardiac fibrosis is defined as the imbalance of extracellular matrix (ECM) production and
degradation, thus contributing to cardiac dysfunction in many cardiac pathophysiologic …

Deregulation of the cyclin D‐CDK4/6‐INK4‐RB pathway leading to uncontrolled cell
proliferation, is frequently observed in breast cancer. Currently, three selective CDK4/6 …

The c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), with its members JNK1, JNK2, and JNK3, is a
subfamily of (MAPK) mitogen-activated protein kinases. JNK signaling regulates a wide …

Abstract Background The cJun-N-terminal-kinase (JNK) plays a central role in the cell stress
response, with outcomes ranging from cell death to cell proliferation and survival, depending …

The RAS family of proto-oncogenes are among the most commonly mutated genes in
human cancers and predict poor clinical outcome. Several mechanisms underlying …

Extremely rare circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters are both increasingly appreciated as
highly metastatic precursors and virtually unexplored. Technologies are primarily designed …