The global scale-up of antiretroviral (ARV) therapy (ART) has led to dramatic reductions in
HIV-1 mortality and incidence. However, HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) poses a potential …

The efficacy of an antiretroviral (ARV) treatment regimen depends on the activity of the
regimen's individual ARV drugs and the number of HIV-1 mutations required for the …

Background The effect of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) on first-line combination
antiretroviral therapy (cART) for HIV-1 needs further study to inform choice of optimum drug …

During the extended clinically latent period associated with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV) infection the virus itself is far from latent. This phase of infection generally comes to an …

Objectives: Monitoring regional levels of transmitted HIV-1 resistance informs treatment
guidelines and provides feedback on the success of HIV-1 prevention efforts. Surveillance …

Background The effect of pretreatment HIV-1 drug resistance on the response to first-line
combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) in sub-Saharan Africa has not been assessed. We …

Background The response to the next influenza pandemic will likely include extensive use of
antiviral drugs (mainly oseltamivir), combined with other transmission-reducing measures …

Abstract The European HIV Drug Resistance Guidelines Panel, established to make
recommendations to clinicians and virologists, felt that sufficient new information has …

Background. Transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) drug resistance
(TDR) mutations can become replaced over time by emerging wild-type viral variants with …

Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that in most treatment
guidelines is recommended to be taken combined with two nucleoside analogue reverse …