Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell and are involved in essential functions of the
cell, including ATP production, intracellular Ca 2+ regulation, reactive oxygen species …

Pyruvate is the end-product of glycolysis, a major substrate for oxidative metabolism, and a
branching point for glucose, lactate, fatty acid and amino acid synthesis. The mitochondrial …

Type 2 diabetes is caused by chronic insulin resistance and progressive decline in beta-cell
function. Optimal beta-cell function and mass is essential for glucose homeostasis and beta …

Free fatty acids (FFAs) are important substrates for mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and
ATP synthesis but also cause serious stress to various tissues, contributing to the …

Increasing evidence indicates that reactive oxygen species (ROS), consisting of superoxide,
hydrogen peroxide, and multiple others, do not only cause oxidative stress, but rather may …

Chronic hyperglycemia and the corresponding glucotoxicity are the main pathogenic
mechanisms of diabetes and its complications. Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic animal …

Various nutritional, behavioral, and pharmacological interventions have been previously
shown to extend life span in diverse model organisms, including Saccharomyces cerevisiae …

Recent evidence suggests that calorie restriction and specifically reduced glucose
metabolism induces mitochondrial metabolism to extend life span in various model …

Insulin resistance is characteristic of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and components of the
cardiometabolic syndrome, including hypertension and dyslipidemia, that collectively …

The relaxation response (RR) is the counterpart of the stress response. Millennia-old
practices evoking the RR include meditation, yoga and repetitive prayer. Although RR …