A unique and personal insight into the ecology and evolution of pollinators, their
relationships with flowers, and their conservation in a rapidly changing world. The …

Background Studies on the diversity of yeasts in floral nectar were first carried out in the late
19 th century. A narrow group of fermenting, osmophilous ascomycetes were regarded as …

Flowers exist in exceedingly complex fitness landscapes, in which subtle variation in each
trait can affect the pollinators, herbivores and pleiotropically linked traits in other plant …

Island biogeography is the study of the distribution and dynamics of species in island
environments. Due to their isolation from more widespread continental species, islands are …

Red‐flowered species have traditionally been related to ornithophily, and the 'bee
avoidance'hypothesis, that is, red flower colouration is a way to reduce visits from …

Interactions with pollinators are thought to play a significant role in determining whether
plant species become invasive, and ecologically generalised species are predicted to be …

Many insular plant species inhabiting different archipelagos worldwide present typical
ornithophilous floral traits (eg copious nectar, red‐orange colours), but most of them are …

Some orchids have been proposed to be B atesian floral mimics imitating flowers of
sympatric rewarding species to attract pollinators. It is not yet well understood which traits …

Many of the 'adaptive'traits in angiosperm flowers occur only in some species within a clade.
One good example of such traits is floral colour change, that is the retention of old …

Abstract Background and Aims It has traditionally been considered that the flowers of
Scrophularia are mainly pollinated by wasps. We studied the pollination system of four …