The study of pain in awake animals raises ethical, philosophical, and technical problems.
We review the ethical standards for studying pain in animals and emphasize that there are …

Hyperalgesia and allodynia are frequent symptoms of disease and may be useful
adaptations to protect vulnerable tissues. Both may, however, also emerge as diseases in …

The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids has been the topic of extensive investigation
following the discovery of cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands …

The CB1 cannabinoid receptor mediates many of the psychoactive effects of Δ9THC, the
principal active component of cannabis. However, ample evidence suggests that additional …

Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum is a
potent inhibitor of acetylcholine release in the neuromuscular junction and has been used to …

Numerous human and animal studies indirectly implicate neurons in the anterior cingulate
cortex (ACC) in the encoding of the affective consequences of nociceptor stimulation. No …

We investigated the involvement of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases (ERK)
within spinal neurons in producing pain hypersensitivity. Within a minute of an intense …

Itch is the least well understood of all the somatic senses, and the neural circuits that
underlie this sensation are poorly defined. Here we show that the atonal-related …

Botulinum toxin type A (BOTOX®) has been used to treat pathological pain conditions
although the mechanism is not entirely understood. Subcutaneous (sc) BOTOX® also …

Peripheral cannabinoid receptors exert a powerful inhibitory control over pain initiation, but
the endocannabinoid signal that normally engages this intrinsic analgesic mechanism is …