Mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK s) are signaling proteins that are activated
through phosphorylation, and they regulate many physiological and pathophysiological …

MAPK pathways play a critical role in the activation of monocytes and macrophages by
pathogens, signaling molecules and environmental cues and in the regulation of …

Background Giardia intestinalis is a non-invasive protozoan parasite that causes giardiasis
in humans, the most common form of parasite-induced diarrhea. Disease mechanisms are …

In many different cell types, pro-inflammatory agonists induce the expression of
cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2), an enzyme that catalyzes rate-limiting steps in the conversion of …

Mood and anxiety disorders are leading causes of disability worldwide and are major
contributors to the global burden of diseases. Neuropeptides, such as oxytocin and opioid …

Abstract β-glucan derived from the black yeast Aureobasidium pullulans (A. pullulans) is one
of the natural products attracting attention due to its high potential for application as a …

Background and Purpose 3′, 5′‐Cyclic nucleotide PDE 4 is expressed in several
inflammatory and immune cells, and PDE4 catalyses the hydrolysis of cAMP to 5′ AMP …

Peripheral nerve injury generally results in spinal neuronal and glial plastic changes
associated with chronic behavioral hypersensitivity. Spinal mitogen-activated protein …

Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase 1 (MKP-1) expression is induced by
inflammatory factors, and it is an endogenous suppressor of inflammatory response. MKP-1 …

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of a natural component, theissenolactone
C (LC53), on the ocular inflammation of experimental endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) and its …