Interferon-stimulated gene (ISG) products take on a number of diverse roles. Collectively,
they are highly effective at resisting and controlling pathogens. In this review, we begin by …

Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) of humans is caused by two lentiviruses,
human immunodeficiency viruses types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2). Here, we describe the …

Retroviruses have long been a fertile model for discovering host–pathogen interactions and
their associated biological principles and processes. These advances have not only …

SUMMARY HIV‐1 and HIV‐2 share many similarities including their basic gene
arrangement, modes of transmission, intracellular replication pathways and clinical …

RNA virus infection is recognized by retinoic acid-inducible gene (RIG)-I–like receptors
(RLRs), RIG-I, and melanoma differentiation–associated gene 5 (MDA5) in the cytoplasm …

The failure rate for the translation of drugs from animal testing to human treatments remains
at over 92%, where it has been for the past few decades. The majority of these failures are …

The AIDS pandemic continues to present us with unique scientific and public health
challenges. Although the development of effective antiretroviral therapy has been a major …

The interferon-inducible transmembrane (IFITM) protein family represents a new class of
cellular restriction factors that block early stages of viral replication; the underlying …

Antiviral restriction factors are host cellular proteins that constitute a first line of defense
blocking viral replication and propagation. In addition to interfering at critical steps of the …

To replicate in their hosts, viruses have to navigate the complexities of the mammalian cell,
co-opting mechanisms of cellular physiology while defeating restriction factors that are …