The external globus pallidus (GPe) of the basal ganglia has been underappreciated owing
to poor understanding of its cells and circuits. It was assumed that the GPe consisted of a …

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), applying high-frequency electrical stimulation to deep brain
structures, has now provided an effective therapeutic option for treatment of various …

Neural circuits of the basal ganglia are critical for motor planning and action selection,,. Two
parallel basal ganglia pathways have been described, and have been proposed to exert …

The functions of rewards are based primarily on their effects on behavior and are less
directly governed by the physics and chemistry of input events as in sensory systems …

High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a well-established
therapy for patients with severe Parkinson9s disease (PD), but its mechanism of action is …

The motor signs of Parkinson's disease are thought to result in large part from a reduction of
the level of dopamine in the basal ganglia. Over the last few years, many of the functional …

Background Although deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is a
highly effective therapeutic intervention in severe Parkinson's disease, its mechanism of …

In Parkinson's disease (PD), the oscillatory activity recorded from the basal ganglia shows
dopamine-dependent changes. In the “off” parkinsonian motor state, there is prominent …

Converging data suggest that abnormal synchronised oscillatory activity in the basal ganglia
may contribute to bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease. This synchrony …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to a progressive
decline in motor function. Growing evidence indicates that PD patients also experience an …