In the long-term, with progression of the illness, Parkinson's disease dementia affects up to
90% of patients with Parkinson's disease. With increasing life expectancy in western …

Introduction 3. Brainstem arousal systems 3.1. The reticular formation 3.2. The cholinergic
ponto-mesencephalic neurons 3.3. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons 3.4. The …

Little is known about the mechanisms that allow the cortex to selectively improve the neural
representations of behaviorally important stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli. Diffuse …

The basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCN) provide the primary source of cholinergic
innervation of the human cerebral cortex. They are involved in the cognitive processes of …

The hippocampus-prefrontal cortex (HPC-PFC) pathway plays a fundamental role in
executive and emotional functions. Neurophysiological studies have begun to unveil the …

Studies of the function of the basal forebrain have focused on cholinergic neurons that
project to cortical and limbic structures critical for various cognitive abilities. Recent …

Objective: Schizophrenia is treated with medications that raise serum anticholinergic activity
and are known to adversely affect cognition. The authors examined the relationship between …

Adult neurogenesis has been shown to be regulated by a multitude of extracellular cues,
including hormones, growth factors, and neurotransmitters. The cholinergic system of the …

Dementia is a major cause of disability amongst the elderly and represents a serious global
health issue. Current treatments for dementia are limited; at best they provide inadequate …

Acetylcholine (ACh) has been shown to modulate neuronal differentiation during early
development. Both muscarinic and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) regulate a …