We define a new concept of 'active milieu'that unifies all components of nervous tissue
(neuronal and glial compartments, extracellular space, extracellular matrix, and vasculature) …

Classically, the following three morphological states of microglia have been defined:
ramified, amoeboid and phagocytic. While ramified cells were long regarded as “resting” …

Activation functions play a crucial in emulating biological neurons within artificial neural
networks. However, the exploration of neural networks composed of various activation …

Microglia and astrocytes play essential roles in the central nervous system contributing to
many functions including homeostasis, immune response, blood–brain barrier maintenance …

Microglial cells of the aged brain manifest signs of dysfunction that could contribute to the
worse neurological outcome of stroke in the elderly. Treatment with colony‐stimulating factor …

Microglial cells are the scions of foetal macrophages which invade the neural tube early
during embryogenesis. The nervous tissue environment instigates the phenotypic …

Ischemic stroke (IS) is one of the most fatal diseases. Neuroimmunity, inflammation, and
oxidative stress play important roles in various complex mechanisms of IS. In particular, the …

Microglia represent the first line of immune feedback in the brain. Beyond immune
surveillance, they are essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. Recent research has …

Microglia are so versatile that they not only provide immune surveillance for central nervous
system, but participate in neural circuitry development, brain blood vessels formation, blood …

Microglia, the resident immune cells of the brain, play important roles during development.
Although bi-directional communication between microglia and neuronal progenitors or …