Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a chronic pain syndrome in the lower back region, lasting
for at least 3 months. CLBP represents the second leading cause of disability worldwide …

BACKGROUND: Chronic spinal pain is the most prevalent chronic disease with employment
of multiple modes of interventional techniques including epidural interventions. Multiple …

Intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD)‐induced lower back pain (LBP) is a common
problem worldwide. The underlying mechanism is partially accredited to ferroptosis, based …

Excessive oxidative stress and inflammation are the key early events in the development of
intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD). The NACHT, LRR, and PYD domain-containing …

Background: Opioid use, abuse, and adverse consequences, including death, have
escalated at an alarming rate since the 1990s. In an attempt to control opioid abuse …

Background: Chronic axial spinal pain is one of the major causes of significant disability and
health care costs, with facet joints as one of the proven causes of pain. Objective: To provide …

OBJECTIVE: To develop evidence-based clinical practice guidelines for interventional
techniques in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic spinal pain. METHODOLOGY …

Discogenic back pain is multifactorial; hence, physicians often struggle to identify the
underlying source of the pain. As a result, discogenic back pain is often hard to treat—even …

Abstract Purpose of Review Many studies have demonstrated that discogenic low back pain
is the most common type of chronic low back pain (CLBP), one of the major causes of …

The healthy intervertebral disc (IVD) fulfils the essential function of load absorption, while
maintaining multi-axial flexibility of the spine. The interrelated tissues of the IVD, the annulus …