The valorization of lignocellulose has received increasing attention due to the diminishing of
conventional fossil energy (coal, petroleum, and natural gas). Lignocellulosic biomass is the …

At present, massive and renewable biomass energy is being deemed an emerging potential
energy reserve. Given the non-renewable fossil raw materials with pollution-related …

The use of alkyl levulinates is growing interest in fuels. Adding n-butyl levulinate (BL) to fuels
presents some benefits compared to ethyl levulinate. The conventional production route of …

When processing lignocellulosic biomass materials to obtain platform molecules such as
levulinic acid (LA), alkyl levulinates or γ-valerolactone (GVL), the choice of solvent is of …

To add value to ordinary kitchen waste, heterogeneous acid-base catalytic methanolysis
was conducted to produce high-value liquid biofuels, methyl levulinate (ML) and fatty acid …

Ethyl levulinate (EL) is a key platform compound for the catalytic conversion of biomass.
Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted much attention due to their unique tunable structures and …

As one of the important chemical feedstocks and biofuels, ethyl levulinate (EL) can be
produced from biomass-derived furfural by consecutive hydrogenation, etherification and …

Alkyl levulinates such as n-butyl levulinate (BL) can play an important role in the fuel sector.
Classically, BL is produced from the esterification of levulinic acid, but the butanolysis (or …

This paper analyses the furfural and levulinic acid aldol condensation over mesoporous acid
materials. This process is a promising route to obtain chemical feedstock and biofuel …

The use of enzymes to catalyze chemical reactions has increased these recent years.
Several models have been developed to express the kinetics over these biocatalysts. The …