Molluscs comprise the second largest phylum of animals (after arthropods), occurring in
virtually all habitats. Some are commercially important, a few are pests and some carry …

The toxic effect of unionized ammonia (NH 3) on aquatic organisms is receiving increasing
attention due to the excessive nitrogen discharge to various surface waters. Researches …

Along with a steady increasing use of artificial nitrogen fertilizer, concerns have been raised
about the effects that high nitrogen loading may have on ecosystems. Due to the toxicity of …

The ivory shell, Babylonia areolata (Link 1807), has been exploited as an important
aquaculture organism along the southern China coast. In order to obtain optimal culture …

Among calyptraeid gastropods, males become females as they get older, and egg capsules
containing developing embryos are maintained beneath the mother's shell until the …

Desiccation stress is a major limiting factor for many organisms in the intertidal zone. Sessile
mollusks often reduce water loss by isolating themselves from the external environment …

Although periods of severely reduced oxygen concentration are occurring with increasing
frequency in coastal marine ecosystems, the effects of such exposures on early …

Organisms that encounter stressful situations in nature often cope using behavioral (eg,
avoidance) or physiological tactics. In sessile mollusks, the only available behavioral option …

At reduced salinities, brooding females of some gastropods and bivalves may isolate their
mantle cavities from the environment for several days, maintaining internal osmotic …

Molluscan species can be affected by various anthropogenic substances. Yet, these effects
are disregarded in chemical risk assessment as molluscs are unrepresented in standard …