Metabolic syndrome is a cluster of conditions associated with the risk of diabetes mellitus
type 2 and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Metabolic syndrome is closely related to …

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a fascinating network of tubules through which secretory
and transmembrane proteins enter unfolded and exit as either folded or misfolded proteins …

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a dynamic organelle orchestrating the folding and post-
translational maturation of almost all membrane proteins and most secreted proteins. These …

Most of the secreted and plasma membrane proteins are synthesized on membrane-bound
ribosomes on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). They require engagement of ER-resident …

Translation regulation largely occurs during initiation, which features ribosome assembly
onto mRNAs and selection of the translation start site. Short, upstream ORFs (uORFs) …

A variety of studies indicated that inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites have
paradoxical effects, namely, carcinogenic and anticancer effects. Epidemiological studies …

Misdirected immunity gives rise to the autoimmune tissue inflammation of rheumatoid
arthritis, in which excess production of the cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a central …

Cells operate a signaling network termed the unfolded protein response (UPR) to monitor
protein-folding capacity in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 …

Mitochondrial dysfunction elicits stress responses that safeguard cellular homeostasis
against metabolic insults. Mitochondrial integrated stress response (ISR mt) is a major …

Living cells continually generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) through the respiratory
chain during energetic metabolism. ROS at low or moderate concentration can play …