In the 1970s, treatment with thyroid extract was superseded by levothyroxine, a synthetic l
form of tetraiodothyronine. Since then, no major innovation has emerged for the treatment of …

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and thyroid dysfunction are common in clinical practice. The
objectives of this review are to discuss some proposed mechanisms by which thyroid …

Iodothyronine deiodinases (DIO) are a family of selenoproteins controlling systemic and
local availability of the major thyroid hormone l-thyroxine (T4), a prohormone secreted by the …

Thyroid hormone transporters at the plasma membrane govern intracellular bioavailability of
thyroid hormone. Monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) 8 and MCT10, organic anion …

Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling is strictly regulated by iodothyronine deiodinase activity,
which both preserves the circulating levels of the biologically active triiodothyronine (T3) and …

Background: The gut is a target organ of thyroid hormone (TH) that exerts its action via the
nuclear thyroid hormone receptor α1 (TRα1) expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. THs are …

Over the past few years, growing evidence suggests direct crosstalk between thyroid
hormones (THs) and the immune system. Components of the immune system were …

Introduction Studies comparing levothyroxine (LT4) therapy with LT4+ liothyronine (LT3) or
desiccated thyroid extract (DTE) did not detect consistent superiority of either treatment …

Adipose tissue signals to brain, liver, and muscles to control whole body metabolism through
secreted lipid and protein factors as well as neurotransmission, but the mechanisms …

The clinical availability of tissue-specific biomarkers of thyroid hormone (TH) action
constitutes a “holy grail” for the field. Scientists have investigated several TH-dependent …