Diagnostic and therapeutic advances during the past decades have substantially improved
health outcomes for patients with acute coronary syndrome. Both age-related physiological …

Background Guideline-recommended doses of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE)
inhibitors or angiotensin-receptor blockers (ARBs), and β blockers are similar for men and …

Potassium (K+) is the most abundant cation in humans and is essential for normal cellular
function. Alterations in K+ regulation can lead to neuromuscular, gastrointestinal, and …

A 74-year-old man with a history of hypertension and myocardial infarction that had occurred
in the remote past presents with breathlessness on exertion. On examination, his pulse is 76 …

Diabetes and heart failure are closely related: patients with diabetes have an increased risk
of developing heart failure and those with heart failure are at higher risk of developing …

Aims To assess the association between combination, dose and use of current guideline‐
recommended target doses (TD) of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi), angiotensin …

ABSTRACT Aim The “2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure”
replaces the “2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure” and the …

Foundational therapy for heart failure and a reduced ejection fraction consists of a
combination of an angiotensin receptor–neprilysin inhibitor, a beta‐blocker, a …

Importance Short-term infusions of single vasodilators, usually given in a fixed dose, have
not improved outcomes in patients with acute heart failure (AHF). Objective To evaluate the …

Background Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor
blockers (ARBs), β blockers, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) are of …