Since 1960, magnetic fields have been discussed as Zeitgebers for circadian clocks, but the
mechanism by which clocks perceive and process magnetic information has remained …

Cryptochromes are blue-light absorbing photoreceptors found in many organisms where
they have been involved in numerous growth, developmental, and circadian responses. In …

Cryptochromes have been suggested to be the primary magnetoreceptor molecules
underlying light-dependent magnetic compass detection in migratory birds. Here we review …

The geomagnetic field provides directional information for birds. The avian magnetic
compass is an inclination compass that uses not the polarity of the magnetic field but the …

Chemical reactions that involve radical intermediates can be influenced by magnetic fields,
which act to alter their rate, yield, or product distribution. These effects have been studied …

The magnetic compass of migratory birds has been suggested to be light-dependent.
Retinal cryptochrome-expressing neurons and a forebrain region,“Cluster N”, show high …

This paper reviews the directional orientation of birds with the help of the geomagnetic field
under various light conditions. Two fundamentally different types of response can be …

Recent advances have brought new insight into the physiological mechanisms that enable
birds and other animals to use magnetic fields for orientation. Many birds seem to have two …

The vector of the geomagnetic field provides animals with directional information, while
intensity and/or inclination provide them with positional information. For magnetoreception …

Birds usually migrate by alternating flight bouts and stopovers for refueling. The decision
when to leave a stopover place is of paramount importance for the success of migration …