Abstract The PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathway is a highly conserved signal
transduction network in eukaryotic cells that promotes cell survival, cell growth, and cell …

Oxidative stress, a term that describes the imbalance between oxidants and antioxidants,
leads to the disruption of redox signals and causes molecular damage. Increased oxidative …

Cell cycle regulation is orchestrated by a complex network of interactions between proteins,
enzymes, cytokines, and cell cycle signaling pathways, and is vital for cell proliferation …

Glioblastoma (GBM) is a devastating type of brain tumor, and current therapeutic treatments,
including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, are palliative at best. The design of effective …

The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and its application to the treatment of human disease
in the years since have marked a major turning point in the history of medicine. The …

Macroautophagy/autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved pathway responsible for clearing
cytosolic aggregated proteins, damaged organelles or invading microorganisms …

Simple Summary Drug resistance remains one of the major problems in cancer therapy and
is responsible for up to 90% of cancer-related deaths. It exists across all types of cancer and …

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous, behaviorally defined
neurodevelopmental disorder. Over the past two decades, the prevalence of autism …

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Although the
PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway has recently been considered as one of the most altered …

Autophagy is an intracellular self-degradative mechanism which responds to cellular
conditions like stress or starvation and plays a key role in regulating cell metabolism, energy …