Several epidemiologic and toxicological studies have commonly viewed ambient fine
particulate matter (PM2. 5), defined as particles having an aerodynamic diameter of less …

Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is an increasingly important
cause of morbidity, disability, and mortality worldwide. We aimed to estimate global …

Low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) bear a disproportionately high burden of
the global morbidity and mortality caused by chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), including …

Although asthma is very common, affecting 5–10% of the population, the diagnosis of
asthma in adults remains a challenge in the real world, which results in both over-and under …

Lung diseases are the leading cause of mortality worldwide. The currently available
therapies are not sufficient, leading to the urgent need for new therapies with sustained anti …

Background Previous attempts to characterise the burden of chronic respiratory diseases
have focused only on specific disease conditions, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary …

Oxidative stress is a major driving mechanism in the pathogenesis of COPD. There is
increased oxidative stress in the lungs of COPD patients due to exogenous oxidants in …

Rationale: Workplace inhalational hazards remain common worldwide, even though they
are ameliorable. Previous American Thoracic Society documents have assessed the …

Background Many individuals who survive tuberculosis disease face ongoing disability and
elevated mortality risks. However, the impact of post-tuberculosis sequelae is generally …

Introduction E-cigarettes deliver an aerosol of nicotine by heating a liquid and are promoted
as an alternative to combustible tobacco. This study determines the longitudinal …