Microglia are the resident macrophages of the central nervous system. Microglia possess
varied morphologies and functions. Under normal physiological conditions, microglia mainly …

As the research on artificial intelligence booms, there is broad interest in brain‐inspired
computing using novel neuromorphic devices. The potential of various emerging materials …

Brain–machine interfaces typically rely on electrophysiological signals to interpret and
transmit neurological information. In biological systems, however, neurotransmitters are …

Synapses are intercellular junctions specialized for fast, point-to-point information transfer
from a presynaptic neuron to a postsynaptic cell. At a synapse, a presynaptic terminal …

Gene transcription is the process by which the genetic codes of organisms are read and
interpreted as a set of instructions for cells to divide, differentiate, migrate, and mature. As …

Tremendous strides have been made in our understanding of the neurobiological substrates
of memory–the so-called memory “engram”. Here, we integrate recent progress in the …

In the hippocampus, spatial maps are formed by place cells while contextual memories are
thought to be encoded as engrams,,,,–. Engrams are typically identified by expression of the …

Various cognitive functions have long been known to require the hippocampus. Recently,
progress has been made in identifying the hippocampal neural activity patterns that …

The notion of “immune privilege” of the brain has been revised to accommodate its
infiltration, at steady state, by immune cells that participate in normal neurophysiology …

Adaptation to the ever-changing world is critical for survival, and our brains are particularly
tuned to remember events that differ from previous experiences. Novel experiences induce …