Plants resist attacks by pathogens via innate immune responses, which are initiated by cell
surface-localized pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) and intracellular nucleotide-binding …

All eukaryotic organisms have evolved sophisticated immune systems to appropriately
respond to biotic stresses. In plants and animals, a key part of this immune system is pattern …

Nucleotide-binding, leucine-rich repeat receptors (NLRs) are major immune receptors in
plants and animals. Upon activation, the Arabidopsis NLR protein ZAR1 forms a pentameric …

Plants employ numerous cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors to perceive a
variety of immunogenic signals associated with pathogen infection and subsequently …

Calcium ions function as a key second messenger ion in eukaryotes. Spatially and
temporally defined cytoplasmic Ca2+ signals are shaped through the concerted activity of …

Calcium (Ca2+) is a unique mineral that serves as both a nutrient and a signal in all
eukaryotes. To maintain Ca2+ homeostasis for both nutrition and signaling purposes, the …

Perception of biotic and abiotic stresses often leads to stomatal closure in plants,. Rapid
influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) across the plasma membrane has an important role in this …

Temperature is a key factor governing the growth and development, distribution, and
seasonal behavior of plants. The entire plant life cycle is affected by environmental …

Abstract The calcium ion (Ca2+) is a universal signal in all eukaryotic cells. A fundamental
question is how Ca2+, a simple cation, encodes complex information with high specificity …

Heat stress (HS) caused by rapidly warming climate has become a serious threat to global
food security. Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a staple food crop for over half of the world's …