Women are more sensitive to cocaine craving elicited by stimuli associated with relapse.
Ovarian hormones modulate cocaine craving and may therefore function as risk factors or …

In the search for efficacious pharmacotherapies to treat cocaine addiction much attention
has been given to agents targeting dopamine D1 or D3 receptors because of the …

Psychosocial stress is a major risk factor for depression, stress leads to peripheral and
central immune activation, immune activation is associated with blunted dopamine (DA) …

The expression phase of cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) represents a
cocaine-seeking behavior triggered by contextual cues associated with the rewarding effects …

This chapter highlights the use of several animal models of abuse liability. The overall goal
is to describe the most frequently used methods, unconditioned behaviors and conditioned …

To analyze motivation, food self‐administration and decision‐making were evaluated in
adolescent, adult, and aged rats. Subjects were trained to press a lever (fixed ratio, FR1 and …

Introduction Ginseng polysaccharide (GPS, same as Panax polysaccharide) is a kind of
polysaccharide extracted from ginseng. It has been reported that GPS has the ability to …

Opioid use disorder mainly results from functional defects in the brain reward loop, which
includs the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc; consisting of shell …

Dopamine (DA) neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are well-known components of
the brain involved in reward-related behaviors and participate in the generation of new …

Experimental animal studies have shown that early life periods are highly vulnerable to
environmental factors, which may exert prolonged impact on HPA axis function and on …