P-glycoprotein (also known as multidrug resistance protein 1 (MDR1) or ATP-binding
cassette sub-family B member 1 (ABCB1) plays a crucial role in determining response …

Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived, ubiquitous signaling molecule that affects numerous critical
functions in the body. There are markedly conflicting findings in the literature regarding the …

Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), an important intracellular second messenger,
mediates cellular functional responses in all vital organs. Phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) is …

The ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and ABCG2 are
multidrug transporters that confer drug resistance to numerous anti-cancer therapeutics in …

Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women and is considered a developed
country disease. Moreover, is a heterogenous disease, existing different types and stages of …

Airway epithelium forms a physical barrier that protects the lung from the entrance of inhaled
allergens, irritants, or microorganisms. This epithelial structure is maintained by tight …

Phosphodiesterases (PDEs) are a class of enzymes that hydrolyze cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) which is involved in …

The use of already-approved drugs to treat new or alternative diseases has proved to be
beneficial in medicine, because it reduces both drug development costs and timelines. Most …

Slow-cycling/dormant cancer cells (SCCs) have pivotal roles in driving cancer relapse and
drug resistance. A mechanistic explanation for cancer cell dormancy and therapeutic …

Purpose: Docetaxel plays an indispensable role in the management of advanced prostate
cancer. However, more than half of patients do not respond to docetaxel, and those good …