An adverse outcome pathway (AOP) is a conceptual construct of causally and sequentially
linked events, which occur during exposure to stressors, with an adverse outcome relevant …

NASA has recently completed several long-duration missions to the International Space
Station and is solidifying plans to return to the Moon, with an eye toward Mars and beyond …

For radiation protection purposes, noncancer effects with a threshold-type dose-response
relationship have been classified as tissue reactions (formerly called nonstochastic or …

Background Epidemiological studies have indicated that exposure of the heart to doses of
ionizing radiation as low as 0.5 Gy increases the risk of cardiac morbidity and mortality with …

Background Brain development during embryogenesis and in early postnatal life is
particularly complex and involves the interplay of many cellular processes and molecular …

Background The purpose of toxicology is to protect human health and the environment. To
support this, the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) …

Background Reproductive effects of ionizing radiation in organisms have been observed
under laboratory and field conditions. Such assessments often rely on associations between …

The adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) were developed to accelerate evidence-based
chemical risk assessment by leveraging data from new approach methodologies. Thanks to …

Background Studies on human health and ecological effects of ionizing radiation are rapidly
evolving as innovative technologies arise and the body of scientific knowledge grows …

Abstract Purpose The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) framework, a systematic tool that
can link available mechanistic data with phenotypic outcomes of relevance to regulatory …