Gram-negative bacteria use the sophisticated type II secretion system (T2SS) to secrete a
large number of exoproteins into the extracellular environment. Five proteins of the T2SS …

The transition between planktonic growth and biofilm formation represents a tightly
regulated developmental shift that has substantial impact on cell fate. Here, we highlight …

The type II secretion system is a multi‐protein complex that spans the cell envelope of Gram‐
negative bacteria and promotes the secretion of proteins, including several virulence factors …

The type 2 secretion system (T2SS), a multi-protein machinery that spans both the inner and
the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, is used for the secretion of several critically …

Anastomosis group AG-1 IA of Rhizoctonia solani Khün has a wide host range and threatens
crop production. Various glycosyltransferases secreted by phytopathogenic fungi play an …

Type IV pili are long, flexible filaments that extend from the surface of Gram-negative
bacteria and are formed by the polymerization of pilin subunits. This review focuses on the …

The enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) pathotype, characterized by the prototypical
strain H10407, is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the developing world. A major …

The tad locus of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans encodes genes for the biogenesis of
Flp pili, which allow the bacterium to adhere tenaciously to surfaces and form strong …

Type IV pili are expressed from a wide variety of Gram‐negative bacteria and play a major
role in host cell adhesion and bacterial motility. PilC is one of at least a dozen different …

In Gram-negative bacteria, type IV secretion (T4S) systems form ATP-powered complexes
that span the entire cellular envelope and secrete a wide variety of substrates from single …